*Delivery: Important Aspect of Oratory* ARCS #4, 5, and 7

"I would not hesitate to assert that a mediocre speech supported by all the power of delivery will be more impressive than the best speech unaccompanied by such power,"--Quintilian.

Delivery is concerned with two things--voice and gesture.

"One must remember good delivery ensures that what the orator is saying seems to come from the heart". 

#4. The use of fonts can help reveal a writer's ethos. The use of sans seriff portrays a clean, objective, and direct type, while seriff appears more graceful. #4.  The cover of the magazine Redbook uses like five different colors for the headings spread across the page. Upon first glance, a reader is not drawn to the title of the magazine, as it is partially covered up, but one is drawn to the actress adorning the page.  The main article in the page is on the actress, Heidi Klum-- whose also on the front cover, and appears to be in size 8 font, which is while small size font, a good idea because the story is so big.  Her interview is written on the right-hand side of the page and the questions are bolded to separate Q. and A.   Her quote is in the middle of the page embedded in the story. This allows for a reader to decide whether he or she would rather read the interview or the story or both. The quote helps establish the ethos of the actress, which leads a person to want to read more, by becoming interested in the character. Throughout the magazine the font is often colorful displayed which signifies the publishers value fashion and design and excitement. The magazine appeals to women for those sort of reasons.

#5. The website "Television Without Pity" which is a site devoted to reviews and news stories on the major televison networks, has "a lot going on". It is in a sense pretty cluttered, but it does have some sense of organization with its mass of information. The purpose of the site is evidently to be a resource for television buffs on the latest shows and provide recaps for shows that were missed. I picture the site creators are a group of individuals that are value technology and materialistic things. I say that because T.V. shows are pretty materialistic most of the time. Each story has a picture which helps facilitate communcation through exciting the reader to read the story about the show. The site fosters a very busy, popular, gossipy movement.

#7. The argument I made in an earlier blog that dealt with the issue of helping support to find the cure for breast cancer could easily be incorporated into a website. The background color could be either pink or white. If it was white, then I would display the pink ribbons that are symbolic in helping fight breast cancer. Putting a picture of a mother surrounded by her grandchildren and children would create a vivid scene in the reader's mind, as if they were there embracing their mother after she put up a fight with breast cancer. Also, links I could use could consist of testimonials of women who had or were in the process of fighting breast cancer. The visual would play into my essay by creating pathos--evoking strong, compassionate feelings from the reader.

*Extrinsic Proofs* ARCS p.293 #2 and #4

Evidence of the senses can be reliable in certain instances, but you have to take into account that person's motives as well.#1. For example, the book "Monster" which is about an African-American boy accused of participating in a robbery of a gas station, which resulted in the murder of the owner of the store.  One man that testified against the boy, whose name was Steve Harmon, had clear ulterior motives that biased his testomony. The jury seemingly took this into consideration and found Steve Harmon innocent, even though there was definately racial tension present among the all-white jury.  The man had been in jail for a while, and obviously thought that helping to convict another person in a homicide would deduce his sentence and get him out of jail early.  He would be considered a proximate authority, because he was definately not a well-respected community authority, that based his testimony on the senses of seeing and hearing.#4. The man did not pass the tests of reliability; therefore, he was not a credible witness to testify against Steve Harmon.  It also hurt him that he was in jail, which further deterioated his reputation. Another woman, who testified against Harmon, was shopping in the store when she witnessed the robbery. Some argued that she was distracted and wasn't in the right "state of mind" to perceive the events credibly.  While, these arguments were downplayed, the jury took all these things into account when figuring out Steve's verdict. 

*Pathos Appeals* ARCS. p.263 # 1, 4, and 6

Notes from reading: Pathos-human emotion.(Ex.sympathy, empathy, anger/calm, envy/emulation, joy and hope). People respond emotionally when their or a loved one's values are praised or threatened. The force of emotional appeals in rhetoric lies in the fact that people hold values with different levels of intensity. Emotions can move people to action! Emotional responses, by changing a person's state of mind, can help people change their minds about an issue.

#1. One issue would be to support finding the cure for breast cancer and the audience would be comprised of college students. Their attitudes would likely be that they they know someone that has had or currently has breast cancer, since it is so common in today's society. Therefore, they could relate to the issue which would allow them to be open and responsive to the argument for supporting the fight against breast cancer.

I'm sure many of you know someone battling breast cancer. Some of you know women who have gone through chemotherapy and been successful survivors, whereas some of you know of other tragic cases where breast cancer sadly took their life. I bet there is not one person in this room that cannot raise their hand, if I asked them if they knew someone that was a breast cancer patient. It is sad but true. I came here to tell you that just like we can help the feed the hungry people in 3rd world countries or find the cure for AIDS, we can strive to find the cure for cancer. We can help by donating money to their cause, or simply by purchasing pink-ribbon items in stores whose funds go towards breast cancer research. It is worth your effort and time to help. Looking at the experession on a loved one's face once once they know their mother or sister will survive to see her grandchildren grow up would prove to you that your time and support is priceless. You can put a price on a pair of designer jeans or a Chanel purse, but you can't put a price on a life.

#4. The ad selling a pink watch in support of breast cancer says "Time to fight". This message gives hope to the audience that the fight can be won.

An ad selling Infinite Circulon cooking pans lists consumer problems with other brands of nonstick pans at the top of the pages. One problem was that the the food didn't cook evenly, and the other problem was that the pans constantly needed replacing. Attention made to these problems arouse a sense of dread to the cook reading this ad, because chances are they have encountered these problems as well. The message implies that this certain brand will solve these problems, and it leads a person to read further to find out more.

An ad that evokes fear in an audience is one that brings up certain situations in one's mind that they don't want to experience. The magazine I've been looking through has mostly perfume ads and beauty tips, but there was an ad that featured the toothpaste,Pronamel. I would be considered a target audience, because apparently the dentist informed me that I have sensitive teeth and signs of acidic wear on my teeth. So, when I saw a picture of a person's teeth that had really thin tooth enamel as a result of acid wear, it made me want to buy the toothpaste. In fact, if if it is really that good I should I probably just go out and get a year's supply. It's too bad the ad doesn't talk about how much more expensive it is than your average toothpaste. The ad talks about serious dental problems and irreversible damage, which evokes fear (in myself) that without Pronamel --that could happen to you!

#6. Honorific-respectful language. Pejorative-disparage people/derogatory language. One example of a reading that uses honorific language is a movie review on Role Models: Paul Rudd is one of the modern cinema's great under-appreciated funnymen. The reviewer called it a significant improvement over the director's last feature. He used the term "unspeakable bravery" to actually include things in a movie that could actually happen and weren't so far-fetched. "Genuinely effective comic actor" describes Sean William Scott. Rudd was a "delight". An movie review with pejorative language is seen in the review of the movie Twilight: It starts out by saying "Let's get real here people. Not a single person (with few exceptions) knew what the Twilight series was. He calls it a "cliché, clunky mess of a story". He said he was "bored out of his brain" and the movie was "a hefty two hours" with "bland dialogue" and "boring characters".

ARCS. p. 230 # 1 , 2, & 6 --Establishing Ethos

After reading this section on ethos, I have discovered that the three main things that are critical in establishing ethos are: intelligence and being well-informed, good characater, and goodwill.

#1. The first piece of writing I analyzed was actually written by Daniel Taylor--my research subject for my ethnographic project. Interestingly enough, he is a graduate from Harvard University who is the founder of Future Generations, a local non-profit organization. One of his major publications "Something Hidden Behind the Ranges" (actually a very good book on discovering the "yeti") includes an introduction which establishes his ethos.

Intro
He establishes his experience in the opening sentence. "In the course of my life in the Himalaya I ran a river..." He goes on by saying that his expedition was the first successful one of many that had failed in trying to find the Abominable Snowman. He establishes that he is experienced and he was present first-hand.

The second paragraph (and third) details the geography of the Himalaya and the rivers that intersect it. It specically names the region where the most yeti footprints have been seen. This text serves to show the audience the author's intelligence of the area.

He explains why he is interested in searching for the yeti, in the first place. He says that "The Himalaya of my youth became the background for comprehanding the yeti story that had so fascinated me...It also first made me think about biological resilence, in species and even ecosystems, and especially the resilience of the human species." This tells the audience he is not just another one of those people trying to write a book on the infamous Abominable Snowman to gain fame or money. It establishes his curiosity and concern for the environment, which strengthens his good character and goodwill.

Throughout the introduction, he talks about his respect for his fellow passengers on the boat, espeically after one saved his life. He states "Such gifts form friends". This helps his character by sustaining that he is a thoughtful and thankful person that values friendship (that might be irrelevant to the point, but I think it is relevant to state any quaility that would strengthen the author's character; thereby establishing good overall ethos.

#2. The author uses the first-person voice, using words like "I" and "We". This helps the readers feel as if they were experiencing the journey with alongside the author. He employs the use of qualifiers fairly often with phrases like: virtually all of the reports, most of the yeti. While the word size is not overly complex, the tone is still conveyed through use of colorful adjectives and well-written sentences to be targeted to a wide range of readers. This creates a very suitable informal tone, which allows anyone from an educated proffesor to a high school student to be able to read it. He uses the active voice predominately.



#1. The second text I analyzed was a NY Times article by Andrew Revkin on "Global Warming" (Summer 2007). The opening paragraph establishes that he was, in fact, there at the very location at the heart of the global warming concerns--the Artic Islands. He is standing there with an acclaimed snow scientist, who is telling him about his concerns and work throughout his life. This establishes his credentials as a proximate witness and someone who's obviously very interested in the subject. The reporter demonstrates his intelligence by "doing the homework" as described in the reading.

Goodwill is established through the concern for future generations that would be affected by global warming. By acknowledging his own generation would not be affected, Rifkin tells the audience (indirectly) that he is a caring, thoughtful, unselfish person.

#2. Rifkin uses words like alternately, could, most, for 20 years, and enormously to connect with the audience the devasting implications that could arise through global warming.
"McConnell, 49, an expert on the world’s frozen places, is from—of all places—the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nevada." The use of the dash sets the phrase off to make it sound like a midthught, or possibly afterthought." It is written in first-person with using the word "I" frequently.


#1. The third text was another part of the Global Warming article and this time Revkin was reporting from Pasadena, California. As in the previous article in the Artic Islands, he states that he is "standing in a lab at California Institute of Technology." He is watching them try to create solor power. This establishes that he is witnessing the scene first-hand and that he's very interested in the subject area.


He establishes his good moral standing, by referencing top, experienced scientists and their thought's on the progress toward alternative energy sources. He doesn't just state that the government has not been consistent or generous enough in funding the research for energy alternatives. He backs his claims up by citing the specific years funding was in the proposed budgeted plan vs. the realites of the funding that actually came through. Instead of 30 million dollars, only 8 million was approbated.

#2. The voice is first-person with the use of "I and we". "The challenge of shifting to new energy options is made vastly more difficult..." Vastly serves a good qualifier because it creates more emphasis on the problem. Mostly the active voice is used, but the passive voice can be seen in certain sentences, "in the end, only $8 million was authorized by Congress in 2007".


#6. Here is an example of a letter that would be used from a teacher to her students in the 1st and 2nd person voice. The 2nd person voice is essential because her primary goal is to instruct her students what to do.

Dear Students,

We will be meeting to discuss revisions of our research papers on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of next week--11/23. E-mail me to set up a time for an appointment. The finals revisions will be due during Dec. 8th at 5:00 p.m.

Thank you,
Sandy Smith

ARCS p186 Q. 1 & 3

1). Maxim-wise sayings or proverbs that are generally accepted by the community of the rhetor. Example "Better late than never". (On the humorous side of things, I am ironically actually employing this saying writing this blog).

Enthymemes-premises used in contructing rehtorical proofs. Example: Think different Apple is different. Think Apple.

Signs-physical facts or real events that usually accompany some other state of affairs. Ex: A kid plays practices basketball everyday. That is a sign that the kid will probably improve his skills.

Since I am tired of hearing about the elections and its continued post-political discourse, I decided to use an article that was nonpolitical. The article "Just Saying, Is All. The problem with the Rays" (even though I am always finding myself referring back to their old name--the Devil Rays) uses many different signs, maxims, and enthymemes. The quote "optimism is contagious" is great maxim that people generally know and accept. Essentially, the article is making the point that one season of success does not necessarily mean future success like this year. "When a choice is between defeat on one hand and delusion on another, only a fan or fool lays his money on the long shot." This is a good enthymeme premise that helps the argument. The conclusive ethymeme is "For the league's most forlorn franchise, Tampa's turnaround offers nothing more than an empty promise of better things to come". The author uses a Tom Petty lyric "Even the losers get lucky sometimes", which serves as a good maxim to stregnthen his point. The author made effective use of all three for effectiveness in his article.

3). "Elvis has left the building". Other ways to articulate premise would be Elvis is done performing. Elvis is no longer here.

Arrangement Strategies

Arrangement strategies should be based on the rhetorical situation. The ancients' tell us that a writer should arrange the introduction and other parts of the writing with clear thought about how the audience will use it.

Refutation-the act of proving a person to be in error.

Steps to take to gain insight into Research Q.--In class blog

Research Q. What does the graffiti artists' composing process look like?
Step #1--create your thesis
Step #2-Locate a moment. Regather the date/evidence and then describe what happened in detail. (thick description). sensory details , multiple data streams
Step #3--Intrepret the data, make sense of it for readers. what do they want us to notice?
Step #4-Identifying "testimony" that comfirms our analysis.